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1.
Behav Modif ; 42(3): 364-381, 2018 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29353486

ABSTRACT

Functional communication training (FCT) is a common function-based behavioral intervention used to decrease problem behavior by teaching an alternative communication response. Therapists often arbitrarily select the topography of the alternative response, which may influence long-term effectiveness of the intervention. Assessing individual mand topography preference may increase treatment effectiveness and promote self-determination in the development of interventions. This study sought to reduce arbitrary selection of FCT mand topography by determining preference during response training and acquisition for two adults with autism who had no functional communication skills. Both participants demonstrated a clear preference for one mand topography during choice probes, and the preferred topography was then reinforced during FCT to reduce problem behavior and increase independent communication. The implications of the results for future research on mand selection during FCT are discussed.


Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder/rehabilitation , Behavior Therapy/methods , Choice Behavior/physiology , Communication , Problem Behavior , Reinforcement, Verbal , Adult , Humans , Male
2.
Bogotá; IETS; mayo 2016. 40 p. tab, graf.
Monography in Spanish | BRISA/RedTESA, LILACS | ID: biblio-846469

ABSTRACT

Problema de investigación: Estimar para el caso colombiano, la RICE de lenalidomida más terapia de soporte comparada con terapia de soporte sin lenalidomida para pacientes adultos con SMD y Del 5q en Colombia.Tipo de evaluación económica: Análisis de costo-efectividad (ACE). Población objetivo: Pacientes adultos con SMD y Del 5q en Colombia. Intervención y comparadores: Intervención: lenalidomida (10 mg/día) más terapia de soporte.\r\nHorizonte temporal: Un (1) año. Perspectiva: La perspectiva de análisis es la del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS). Tasa de descuento: No se aplicó tasa de descuento para costos ni para desenlaces en salud debido a que el horizonte temporal es de un año. Estructura del modelo: Para capturar las principales características del SMD y Del 5q se desarrolló un modelo de Markov con probabilidades de transición basadas en el estado de transfusión del paciente, la progresión a LMA y la muerte. La duración del cada ciclo (28 días) se basa en el intervalo de dosificación para lenalidomida. Fuentes de datos de efectividad y seguridad: Los datos de efectividad y seguridad para la elaboración del modelo se obtuvieron del ensayo clínico Fase III MDS-004, el único identificado de este tipo que compara el uso de lenalidomida contra placebo en pacientes con SMD y Del 5q dependientes de transfusión. Desenlaces y valoración: Como unidad natural de desenlace se tomó la proporción de pacientes que alcanzan independencia de transfusión de sangre por un mínimo de 8 semanas consecutivas. Costos incluidos: Se consideran eventos generadores de costos todos los recursos directos asociados al uso de las tecnologías evaluadas. Fuentes de datos de costos: SISMED 2015, Manual de Tarifas ISS 2001 + 30%, Circular No. 02 de 2015 de la Comisión Nacional de Precios de Medicamentos y Dispositivos Médicos, 4 laboratorios clínicos y 2 hemocentros del país. Resultados del caso base: La alternativa de lenalidomida más terapia de soporte es una opción costo-efectiva comparada con la terapia de soporte sin lenalidomida para el tratamiento de SMD y Del 5q en Colombia. \r\nAnálisis de sensibilidad: El análisis de sensibilidad determinístico muestra que los resultados del caso base no son sensibles a variaciones en los costos, aunque cambios en las efectividades pueden alterar esta conclusión. El análisis de sensibilidad probabilístico muestra que, con una probabilidad del 98%, la alternativa de lenalidomida más terapia de soporte sería costo-efectiva para todos los umbrales superiores a $6.345.981,2. Conclusiones y discusión: Es razonable incorporar en el POS la alternativa de lenalidomida más terapia de soporte para el tratamiento de SMD y Del 5q. Esta recomendación obedece a que la tecnología evaluada es costo-efectiva, pero sobre todo a que los pacientes a quienes se les administre esta opción de tratamiento pueden experimentar una mejoría significativa en su calidad de vida.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives , Thalidomide/therapeutic use , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/therapy , Chromosome Deletion , Health Evaluation/economics , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Colombia , Biomedical Technology
3.
Bogotá; IETS; mayo 2016. 32 p.
Monography in Spanish | BRISA/RedTESA, LILACS | ID: biblio-846828

ABSTRACT

Tecnologías evaluadas: Análisis de impacto presupuestal de lenalidomida (10 mg/día) más terapia de soporte comparada con terapia de soporte sin lenalidomida para el tratamiento de pacientes con síndrome \r\nmielodisplásico y deleción 5q. Población: Pacientes adultos con SMD y Del 5q en Colombia. Perspectiva: La perspectiva de análisis es la del tercer pagador, que en el caso colombiano corresponde al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Horizonte temporal: El horizonte temporal de este AIP en el caso base corresponde a un año. Adicionalmente se reportan las estimaciones del impacto presupuestal para los años 2 y 3, bajo el supuesto de la inclusión en el POS en el año 1. Costos incluidos: Se consideran eventos generadores de costos todos los recursos directos (medicamentos y procedimientos) asociados al uso de las tecnologías evaluadas. Fuente de costos: SISMED 2015, Manual de Tarifas ISS 2001 + 30%, Circular No. 02 de 2015 de la Comisión Nacional de Precios de Medicamentos y Dispositivos Médicos, 4 laboratorios clínicos y 2 hemocentros del país. Escenarios: Se realizó un análisis por escenarios que contempló que la tasa de inserción de la nueva tecnología sea del 100% y uno donde se introduce de forma progresiva la nueva tecnología. Resultados: En el escenario 1 donde la incorporación de la nueva tecnología es progresiva, el impacto presupuestal es de $7.002.403.319,77 para el primer año. En el segundo escenario donde la inserción de la nueva tecnología es del 100% en el año 1, el impacto presupuestal es de $8.634.282.761,73. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/drug therapy , Chromosome Deletion , Thalidomide/therapeutic use , Reproducibility of Results , Colombia , Costs and Cost Analysis/methods , Biomedical Technology , Medication Adherence
4.
Bogotá; IETS; oct. 2014.
Non-conventional in Spanish | LILACS, BRISA/RedTESA | ID: biblio-875828

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Gaucher es ocasionada por deficiencia o ausencia de enzima Glucocerebrosidasa. Esta deficiencia favorece la acumulación del sustrato glucocerebrósido en los lisosomas de macrófagos (células de Gaucher) y monocitos, causando daño celular y disfunción orgánica. Existen tres tipos, según la ausencia (I) o presencia (II y III) de afección neurológica. En Colombia actualmente hay 139 enfermos con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Gaucher (Asociación Colombiana de Pacientes con Enfermedad Lisosomal - ACOPEL, Informe verbal 2014). La sospecha clínica se confirma midiendo actividad enzimática de Glucocerebrosidasa en leucocitos o sangre seca. En individuos con EG, la actividad enzimática está entre 0%-15% de su actividad normal. El tratamiento con terapia de reemplazo enzimático suele ser eficaz. No hay tratamiento para daño cerebral. Esta evaluación hace parte del esfuerzo del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de actualizar las tecnologías disponibles para el diagnóstico de enfermedades huérfanas como parte del proceso de actualización del plan obligatorio de salud. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la validez diagnóstica de la prueba de actividad enzimática de la glucocerebrosidasa en sangre seca y en leucocitos, en pacientes sospechosos de la enfermedad de Gaucher. METODOLOGÍA: Búsqueda sistemática y exhaustiva de literatura (MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CDSR y DARE), según estándares de la Colaboración Cochrane. Usando criterios QUADAS-2, dos revisores independientes evaluaron la calidad de la literatura. La información básica de los artículos seleccionados e incluidos se extrajo usando un formato estándar diseñado en Excel®. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 5 búsquedas encontrándose 75 referencias, una vez se removieron los duplicados quedaron 47 referencias. Se excluyeron 46 artículos obtenidos de la búsqueda. Los resultados están basados en el estudio de validez diagnostica de Stroppiano y cols., que tuvo una calidad de 16/18. Este estudio reportó una sensibilidad del 88,2% (IC 95% 72.9­100%), especificidad del 88,5% (IC 95% 85.5­91.5%), valor predictivo positivo 23.4% y valor predictivo negativo de 99.5% para un punto de corte ajustado de 4.4, para la actividad enzimática de glucocerebrosidasa en sangre seca comparada con la prueba en leucocitos. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia sobre la medición enzimática de glucocerebrosidasa en sangre seca es escasa, sin embargo el único artículo encontrado es de alta calidad, de acuerdo con la escala QUADAS-2. Esta evidencia nos permitió establecer que la prueba tiene muy buen desempeño como método diagnóstico inicial, pero no es concluyente debido a la alta proporción de falsos positivos. Esta prueba es de utilidad por su facilidad en la toma y transporte, pero sus resultados deben confirmarse con la medición de la actividad enzimática de la glucocerebrosidasa en leucocitos.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Gaucher Disease/diagnosis , Glucosylceramidase/analysis , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Colombia
5.
Diabetes Care ; 36(6): 1597-603, 2013 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23340888

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children in Philadelphia from 2000-2004, compare the epidemiology to the previous three cohorts in the Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry, and, for the first time, describe the incidence of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Diabetes cases were obtained through a retrospective population-based registry. Hospital inpatient and outpatient records were reviewed for cases of type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnosed from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2004. The secondary source of validation was the School District of Philadelphia. Time series analysis was used to evaluate the changing pattern of incidence over the 20-year period. RESULTS: The overall age-adjusted incidence rate in 2000-2004 of 17.0 per 100,000 per year was significantly higher than that of previous cohorts, with an average yearly increase of 1.5% and an average 5-year cohort increase of 7.8% (P = 0.025). The incidence in white children (19.2 per 100,000 per year) was 48% higher than in the previous cohort. Children aged 0-4 years had a 70% higher incidence (12.2 per 100,000 per year) than the original cohort; this increase was most marked in young black children. The overall age-adjusted incidence of type 2 diabetes was 5.8 per 100,000 per year and was significantly higher in black children. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising among children in Philadelphia. The incidence rate has increased by 29% since the 1985-1989 cohort. The most marked increases were among white children ages 10-14 years and black children ages 0-4 years. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is 18 times higher than that of type 2 in white children but only 1.6 times higher in black children.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Philadelphia/epidemiology
6.
Endocrinology ; 152(2): 468-75, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21106874

ABSTRACT

It is known that overweight children are often more insulin resistant and taller than normal-weight peers. Because it has been hypothesized that insulin is implicated in the obesity-associated growth acceleration, we aimed to determine whether insulin resistance and secondary hyperinsulinemia are the causative mechanisms of such growth acceleration. Three-week-old mice were fed with standard chow or with a high-fat diet without or with daily administration of pioglitazone. After 6 wk, high-fat mice' body and tibial growth, tibial growth plate height, and serum insulin were all greater than those of standard chow-fed mice. High-fat + pioglitazone mice were shorter, their tibial growth and the growth plate height reduced, and their insulin lower than those of high-fat mice. The addition of insulin to the culture medium of mouse metatarsal bones induced the metatarsal linear growth and increased the metatarsal growth plate height. In addition, insulin stimulated cultured chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, with both effects being prevented by transfection with a small interfering RNA targeted to the insulin receptor. In conclusion, in high fat-fed mice, insulin resistance is causally related to accelerated skeletal growth. Our in vitro findings suggest that insulin may directly modulate skeletal growth by activating the insulin receptor directly at the growth plate.


Subject(s)
Bone Development/drug effects , Chondrocytes/cytology , Chondrogenesis/drug effects , Dietary Fats/pharmacology , Growth Plate/growth & development , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Animals , Blotting, Western , Bone Development/genetics , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Growth Plate/drug effects , Immunohistochemistry , Insulin/blood , Insulin/pharmacology , Insulin Resistance/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Pioglitazone , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics , Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism , Receptor, Insulin/genetics , Receptor, Insulin/metabolism , Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
7.
J Pediatr ; 158(4): 628-633.e1, 2011 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21075381

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether oxidative stress is correlated with adiposity, obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in a multi-ethnic pediatric population. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective study enrolling 42 obese children (age, 12.8 ± 2.4 years) and 34 non-obese children (age, 11.8 ± 3.4 years). We measured urine 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide (markers of oxidative stress) in both obese and non-obese groups. In the obese group, we measured the 24-hour ABP and obtained an oral glucose tolerance test, lipid panel, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. RESULTS: 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide were correlated with body mass index standard deviation score and waist circumference. The mean 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide levels of the obese group were higher than those of the non-obese group. In the subset of obese subjects who underwent ABP monitoring, 8-isoprostane was correlated with mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure: within the obese group, 8-isoprostane was higher in obese children with elevated mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence of a significant correlation between oxidative stress, adiposity, and blood pressure in children. Longitudinal studies in a larger population sample are needed to validate the association between elevated urine 8-isoprostane level and cardiovascular risk factors in an obese pediatric population.


Subject(s)
Hypertension/physiopathology , Obesity/physiopathology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dinoprost/analogs & derivatives , Dinoprost/urine , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Dyslipidemias/ethnology , Female , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide/urine , Hypertension/ethnology , Interleukin-6/blood , Male , Obesity/epidemiology , Obesity/ethnology , Obesity/urine , Prospective Studies , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
8.
J Pediatr ; 156(6): 930-935, 2010 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20223475

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship among ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), body mass index (BMI), and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) in a multi-ethnic population of obese children with clinic blood pressure in the reference range. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 43 obese normotensive children (7-17 years old) were recruited. ABP monitoring, oral glucose tolerance test, lipid levels, and urine microalbumin levels were obtained. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of the subjects had elevated 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP), 9.3% had elevated daytime SBP, and 32.6 % elevated nighttime SBP. For diastolic blood pressure, 4.7% of the sample had an elevated mean nighttime value. Children with more severe obesity (BMI SD score >2.5) had higher 24-hour and nighttime SBP than children with less severe obesity (BMI SD score < or =2.5). Children with HOMA values in the highest quartile had larger waist circumference and higher clinic blood pressure than children with HOMA values in the lowest quartile, and no difference in the mean ABP values was found in the 2 groups . Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 24-hour and nighttime SBP were significantly correlated with BMI SD score. CONCLUSION: Obese children with normal clinic blood pressure often exhibit elevated ABP. The risk for ambulatory hypertension appears to be correlated with the degree of obesity.


Subject(s)
Blood Pressure/physiology , Obesity/physiopathology , Adolescent , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Body Mass Index , Child , Female , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Homeostasis/physiology , Humans , Insulin Resistance/ethnology , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Male , Obesity/ethnology , White People/statistics & numerical data
9.
Bol Asoc Med P R ; 102(3): 59-61, 2010.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23875522

ABSTRACT

Sepsis is a multi-factorial disease that kills an estimated 1,400 people a day worldwide. The Triggering Receptor Expressed in Myeloid (TREM) cells Like Transcript (TLT)-1 is a platelet receptor expressed on activated platelets. Translational studies of TLT-1 suggest that TLT-1 affects hemostatic and immunological parameters that lead to the formation of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Evaluation of mice suffering from endotoxic shock shows a dramatic increase of soluble TLT-1 (sTLT-1) in their blood. Accordingly, when we evaluated the blood of septic patients we find increased levels of sTLT-1 that correlate with the presence of DIC in humans. Based on current data we hypothesize that TLT-1 plays an important role in maintaining vascular integrity during sepsis; perhaps by modulation of both the immune and hemostatic systems, and that TLT-1 makes an attractive target not only for better understanding of sepsis, but also as a point of therapeutic intervention as well.


Subject(s)
Receptors, Immunologic/physiology , Sepsis/etiology , Animals , Disease Progression , Mice
10.
Endocrinology ; 150(6): 2732-9, 2009 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19264869

ABSTRACT

Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the electron donor for microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes and other non-P450 enzymes. Targeted deletion of POR expression in mice leads to a variety of embryonic defects, including bone abnormalities. In addition, POR mutations in humans are associated with impaired steroidogenesis and skeletal malformations. Yet, little is known on the mechanisms underlying the skeletal abnormalities secondary to impaired POR activity. In our study, rat chondrocytes transfected with POR-specific short interfering RNAs exhibited decreased cell proliferation and differentiation and induced apoptosis. In addition, the reduced expression of POR in chondrocytes caused decreased intracellular cholesterol content. The addition of cholesterol in the culture medium prevented the POR small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated effects on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Because cholesterol is required for normal activity of the hedgehog proteins, we evaluated the effects of POR siRNAs on the expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh), an important regulator of chondrogenesis. POR siRNA-transfected chondrocytes exhibited reduced Ihh expression, with such effect being neutralized by cholesterol. Lastly, recombinant human/mouse Ihh prevented the POR siRNA-mediated effects on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that the bone malformations associated with defective POR activity are due to reduced cholesterol synthesis and, in turn, reduced Ihh expression in chondrocytes.


Subject(s)
Cholesterol/metabolism , Chondrocytes/metabolism , Chondrogenesis/physiology , Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism , NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Apoptosis/physiology , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Chondrocytes/cytology , Chondrocytes/drug effects , Hedgehog Proteins/pharmacology , Humans , Mice , NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Transfection
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